|
HOUSEHOLD WATER
TREATMENT AND SAFE STORAGE OPTIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:
A REVIEW OF CURRENT
IMPLEMENTATION PRACTICES
By Daniele S.
Lantagne, Robert Quick, and Eric D. Mintz
The United Nations’ International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation
Decade (1981–1990) failed to achieve its goal of universal access to
safe drinking water and sanitation by 1990 (World Health Organization
[WHO], 2003). Even though service levels rose by more than 10 percent
during the decade, 1.1 billion people still lacked access to improved
water supplies, and 2.4 billion people were without adequate sanitation,
in 1990 (WHO/UNICEF, 2000). Reasons cited for the decade’s failure
include population growth, funding limitations, inadequate operation
and maintenance, and continuation of a traditional “business as usual”
approach (WHO/UNICEF, 1992).
The world is on schedule to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG),
adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2000 and revised after the World
Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, to “halve, by 2015,
the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking
water and basic sanitation” (World Bank Group, 2004; WHO/ UNICEF, 2004).
However, success still leaves more than 600 million people without
access to safe water in 2015 (WHO/ UNICEF, 2000). In addition, although
the MDG target specifically states the provision of “safe” drinking
water, the metric used to assess the MDG target is the provision of
water from “improved” sources, such as boreholes or household
connections, as it is difficult to assess whether water is safe at the
household level (WHO/UNICEF, 2004). Thus, many more people than
estimated may drink unsafe water from improved sources.
HOUSEHOLD WATER
TREATMENT AND SAFE STORAGE
To overcome the
difficulties in providing safe water and sanitation to those who lack
it, we need to move away from “business as usual” and research novel
interventions and effective implementation strategies that can increase
the adoption of technologies and improve prospects for sustainability.
Despite general support for water supply and sanitation, the most
appropriate and effective interventions in developing countries are
subject to significant debate. The weak links among the water, health,
and financial sectors could be improved by communication programs
emphasizing health1—as
well as micro- and macroeconomic—benefits that could be gained. ..
more on demand..
|